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- <text id=89TT2806>
- <link 93TG0018>
- <link 90TT2662>
- <link 89TT2888>
- <link 89TT2862>
- <title>
- Oct. 23, 1989: Shaking Down Deep
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1989
- Oct. 23, 1989 Is Government Dead?
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- SCIENCE, Page 108
- Shaking Down Deep
- </hdr><body>
- <p>Tremors from hidden faults alarm seismologists
- </p>
- <p> Ever since an earthquake nearly destroyed San Francisco in
- 1906, Californians have dreaded the next Big One. The anxiety has
- been greatest for those who live near the San Andreas Fault, a
- dramatic 800-mile-long gash in the earth's surface that comes
- within one mile of San Francisco and 30 miles of Los Angeles.
- However, evidence is mounting that this huge fault is only the most
- visible evidence of a threat that is much broader and more
- dangerous than once thought. Deep under the Los Angeles basin, the
- state's most populous region, is a hidden group of faults, cracks
- in the earth's crust. Discovered only two years ago, this
- underground network belongs to a new class of earthquake hazards
- that seismologists are just beginning to study. They believe
- similar undetected danger zones exist all over the world.
- </p>
- <p> Suspicions were first aroused in 1983, when the small,
- central-California town of Coalinga was surprised by an earthquake
- measuring a hefty 6.5 in magnitude. The culprit turned out to be
- a fault that no one had realized existed. Reason: it was buried
- four to ten miles beneath the surface. In 1987 another hidden fault
- ominously creaked, this time directly under the city of Whittier,
- a scant twelve miles from downtown Los Angeles. It caused eight
- deaths and some $350 million in property damage. Together, observes
- geologist Clarence Allen of the California Institute of Technology,
- "Coalinga and Whittier forced us to broaden our perspective."
- </p>
- <p> The only surface sign of a hidden fault is a fold, or buckling
- in the earth's crust. The hills and mountains created by these
- folds were long considered products of slow, progressive
- deformation, not violent change. But that theory apparently needs
- revision. Sometimes fold growth takes place gradually, but not
- always. Declares geophysicist Ross Stein of the U.S. Geological
- Survey in Menlo Park, Calif.: "It can be demonstrated that folds
- grow by repeated earthquakes."
- </p>
- <p> Stein, with geologist Robert Yeats of Oregon State University,
- has published that provocative hypothesis in Scientific American.
- During the 1983 earthquake, the two note, Coalinga's fold grew more
- than 2 ft. taller. More spectacular was the 15-ft. uplift that
- occurred when an earthquake hit Al-Asnam, Algeria, in 1980. The
- sudden growth of the Al-Asnam fold blocked the flow of the Cheliff
- River, creating an instant lake. Similar fold belts have been found
- in India, New Zealand, Argentina, Canada, Japan, Iran, Pakistan,
- Greece and Chile. Many of these have spawned sizable earthquakes.
- The tremors that devastated Spitak, Armenia, last year, the two
- scientists speculate, may have been fold related.
- </p>
- <p> Nowhere is the notion of unseen danger taken more seriously
- than in the Los Angeles basin. A major hidden fault system lurks
- below the communities of Palos Verdes Estates and Torrance and
- clips the shoreline of Newport Beach. Another, the Elysian Park
- system, slinks under Whittier and sashays beneath downtown Los
- Angeles. The route taken by the Elysian Park system might have been
- laid out by a tour guide. "It cuts right under the big HOLLYWOOD
- sign," exclaims independent geologist Thom Davis, one of the
- scientists who first identified the fault.
- </p>
- <p> There is no doubt that hidden faults generate earthquakes. What
- remains controversial is how large such quakes might be. For the
- residents of Los Angeles, this is no academic argument. A quake
- under the center of the city would do far more damage than a tremor
- of the same size on the San Andreas Fault. Until more is known
- about the destructive potential of hidden faults, the people living
- over them will have to remain constantly alert.
- </p>
-
- </body></article>
- </text>
-
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